In combination with the ever-hungry maw of the port, its industries consumed the lives of generations of workers. Besmirched by the smuts and odours sent skyward from the warm coal-fired hearths of the West End, East Enders struggled in poor conditions, at difficult jobs, in a poor environment. Periodic attempts to defend their jobs in the face of threats posed by labour-saving devices led to occasional violent protests, such as the attacks by the "cutters" on master silk-weavers' engine looms in In the ring of suburban parishes along the City's northern and western borders other groups of the poor similarly eked out a hard working life.
In St Giles in the Fields and Farringdon Without, large families rented small rooms in badly built tenements, and made a living in the precarious service industries of the capital -- as porters and needle women, chairmen and street hawkers. In the City itself the financial services of insurance and merchant banking along with warehousing and trading came to form the basis of huge fortunes and middling sort aspirations.
City merchants increasingly moved out to more salubrious spots beyond the ring of slums gradually encircling the metropolis, commuting back daily to Cheapside and the Royal Exchange. Witness to the greatest change, the West End evolved in response to the growing importance of the London Season, and its increasing role in the lives of Britain's elite.
Here the palaces of the aristocracy were served by well-appointed shops and skilled craftsmen. Communities of service workers, coach makers, and dancing masters filled the interstices between the parks and squares, town houses and royal residences, servicing perhaps the wealthiest single community in Europe. You can search for particular occupations using both the personal details search page for victim and defendant occupations and keyword searching.
Late eighteenth-century London dominated the culture of the English-speaking Atlantic, and increasingly the Pacific and Indian oceans as well. The vast majority of Britain's printing presses and newspapers were sited here. The city was possessed of a huge number of coffeehouses and theatres and was home to Britain's greatest authors and scientists, doctors and thinkers. Lectures, exhibitions and debates could be found on almost any day of the week. In intellectual terms it far outpaced the near moribund Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, while the existence of the Royal Society, the great hospitals, and a wealthy and leisured class ensured a vibrant and diverse world of ideas.
The workings of this world were embedded in a complex set of institutions. Although the royal court played a decreasing role in patronising the arts, a popular audience for theatre and printed works grew up in the West End, centred on Covent Garden, and supplied with an ever changing diet of new events and publications by people such as Samuel Johnson and David Garrick.
The great associational charities of the age, most of which had been founded around mid-century, such as the Foundling Hospital, the Magdalen, and the Marine Society, went on to form the locus for a shared, elite culture.
Leanna Garfield. Like all living things, cities have lifespans. Two recent archaeological excavations, in and , suggest that there were settlements near London's Thames River as early as BC. The area saw a widespread adoption of agriculture in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. This artist's illustration of Londinium in AD shows the city's first bridge over the Thames River. From the 7th to 11th centuries, Anglo-Saxons moved into Londinium.
Their settlement was laid out in a grid pattern and grew to contain between 10, and 12, people. Westminster Abbey, built in the 10th century, is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings. Here it is in a painting.
By the 11th century, London had the largest port in England. In the 12th century, the English royal court began to grow in size and sophistication, and settled in Westminster, a neighborhood in central London. In , King Henry II commissioned a new stone bridge. Added to these were smaller communities of Chinese , Indian and African sailors, living and working along the riverside.
And finally, there was a thriving and substantial Jewish community, replenished decade by decade by further European migration. As a result, Londoners continued to be both younger and more likely to be female than the inhabitants of other British regions. As in the preceding period, the first half of the nineteenth century also witnessed a steady decline in both child and adult mortality, primarily as a consequence of better sanitation, building standards and food supplies.
For the first time, London ceased to be a sink of mortality for rural emigrants, as its death rate came to into line with that of the surrounding counties. The last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth saw continued strong growth, in some ways replicating and reinforcing the pattern set in preceding decades.
The over three million people living in Greater London in more than doubled to become over seven million by the s. During the same period, the flow of European immigrants rose from a steady stream to a regular river of humanity, while migration from the wider world also grew in importance.
And while the Irish born population of London declined from , in to just 60, in , other groups came to take their place in the hard-scrabble economy of immigrant London.
The great revolutions and political struggles of late nineteenth-century Europe brought many from Russia, Poland, France, Italy and Germany - including revolutionaries and political activists such as Karl Marx. But most came to work, or to escape persecution. In there were 27, Germans, 11, Frenchmen and women, and 11, Italians. But most prominent of all the immigrant communities were the Jews. From the s in particular, the well established London Jewish community was dramatically expanded by those fleeing conscription into the armies of the Austrian Empire, and famine in Russia in The Russo-Turkish War of created a new batch of refugees, but it was in the s, and as a result of the persecution of the Jews in both Russia and Prussia, that most came.
It is estimated that by there were , Jews living in London, three times as many as two decades earlier. Chinese and Indian immigrants became a more prominent and established part of the London whirl in these same years, while Indian sailors, and a small but significant African and Black Caribbean community continued to prosper. The Pan-African Conference was held in London in ; reflecting the extent to which the capital acted as the centre of imperial dissent as much as the centre of the imperium.
The census recorded 33, Londoners as having been born in British colonies or dependencies. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the population of London was dominated by the young and by women, and in some ways this is reflected in the Proceedings. From the age of men and women convicted of crimes is regularly recorded as is the age of other defendants whose youth or old age provided some mitigation.
Just as the population as a whole was dominated by the young, so too was the population of convicted criminals, though this pattern was exacerbated by a greater inclination to prosecute juvenile delinquents. Those prosecuted for violent crimes, in particular, continued to be predominantly young men, and to a lesser extent young women. Festive feels in London Bridge on that snowy Sunday. The snow is not a filter!!! While there are many places that claim to be the oldest pub in London, the George Inn takes the title of the capital's last remaining galleried inn.
And it's one of the cosiest pubs at Christmas! Springtime by the Thames in Richmond yesterday minus the blue skies captured using the huaweimobileuk P Back off to Devon again now, but still got until next week before I'm at work again, so hopefully plenty of photo opportunities. You'll find many bridges along the river Thames , but the oldest bridge in London is the picture-pretty Richmond Bridge.
Find more hidden gems and secret things to do , or check out these fairytale places in London. Follow the coronavirus guidance for London. COVID information. Ignite your wanderlust with these surreal spots in the capital. Shakespeare's Globe. Historic London hotels. View this post on Instagram.
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